It is frequently claimed that the most innovative feature of social protection, in contrast to safety nets, is that it has the potential to reduce the vulnerability of poor people to the extent that they can manage moderate risk without external support. This has led to an expansion of large-scale ‘productive safety net’ programmes. The potential to reduce vulnerability so that people can move off social protection provision is popularly termed ‘graduation’. However, the vision for graduation rests on the assumption of the existence of a large population of low-productivity, risk-prone and often poor households. Under this scenario, if risk can be underwritten through appropriate social protection then significant numbers of poor people have the potential to move out of vulnerability and extreme poverty into more productive and resilient livelihoods. The ambition of this paper is to map out the theory of change underpinning the notion of graduation and to set out, conceptually and empirically, the range of enabling and constraining factors that facilitate or undermine this change process.
The first section of the paper reflects on the genesis of graduation, in particular the theories of asset accumulation and asset thresholds which provide the basis of support for graduation. After providing some concrete and current examples of large-scale programmes built on this concept, the paper derives a ‘theory of change’ that is common to these programmes. The latter part of the paper critiques this theory of change by drawing on a variety of literatures and programme experience that enables the authors to lay out a range of conditions under which graduation is more or less likely to occur. The paper concludes by highlighting some basic considerations that need to be taken into account in future social protection programming.
