The literature on ‘alternative livelihoods’ focuses primarily on efforts related to countering illicit drug crop cultivation. Links between illicit drug crop cultivation and armed conflict are noted in various contexts. Efforts to counter illicit drug crop cultivation are thus considered important to stability and security.
The ‘alternative livelihoods’ approach is a comprehensive approach that views alternative livelihoods as a goal in itself, rather than a means. It calls for the mainstreaming of illicit drug crop cultivation strategies in local, regional and national development initiatives. Programmes are designed to provide alternative economic opportunities and sources of income generation; and to improve the overall quality of life of beneficiaries.
The vast majority of the literature in this area discusses the outcomes of alternative livelihood and alternative development approaches and programming in terms of the effect on levels of illicit drug crop cultivation, without discussing additional effects on stability and security. There is limited explicit discussion of the effectiveness of alternative livelihood support in contributing to stability.
Key lessons from experience with alternative livelihood and alternative development programming include the importance of:
- mainstreaming alternative livelihood approaches and programmes
- adapting policies and approaches to particular regions and situations
- local institution-building and community participation
- assessing the factors contributing to illicit drug crop cultivation
- proper sequencing, such that sustainable alternative livelihoods are in place prior to crop reductions
- measuring results in terms of the well-being of society, rather than in terms of hectares of crops eradicated
- large investments in infrastructure, health, education, and other services that will improve overall quality of life
- treating farmers as partners in development, not as criminals
- prioritising small-scale rural development in agricultural and trade policies
- basic elements of effective governance and the rule of law
- reducing violent conflict
- long-term political commitment.
