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Home»Social Development»Inequalities & exclusion»Children / youth

Children / youth

Prevalence of health impacts related to exposure to poor air quality among children in Low and Lower Middle-Income Countries

Helpdesk Report
  • Suzanne Bartington and William Avis
October 2020

This rapid review provides an assessment of the contemporary health impacts arising from the household (indoor) and ambient (outdoor) air pollution exposure in low income (LIC) and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), with a specific focus upon children aged under 5 years. The review synthesises findings of key systematic reviews, as well as international and national ...» more

Impact of COVID-19 on Child Labour in South Asia

Helpdesk Report
  • Iffat Idris
June 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has not (to date) hit South Asia as badly in terms of infections and deaths as some other parts of the world (notably Europe). However, it is having a profound negative economic impact on the region. Experience of previous epidemics/financial crises suggests that the current crisis will lead to a rise in child labour across the developing world, including ...» more

Workplace-based Learning and Youth Employment in Africa

Literature Review
  • Sithandiwe Mujuru,
  • Zenobia Ismail
May 2020

Workplace-based learning is a supply-side approach to youth employment that includes practical or on-the-job training that is usually provided through an apprenticeship, internship, learnership , work placement or other practical training component of a vocational education or training programme. For the workplace-based learning approach to be effective, it requires ...» more

Interventions to Reduce Forced Marriage

Helpdesk Report
  • Iffat Idris
November 2019

This review drew largely on academic papers as well as reports by international development organisations. Evidence and hence lessons on how to combat forced marriage are limited and sometimes contradictory. Overall, the literature points to a number of approaches that can be effective, notably: empowerment of girls; community approaches to change social norms and attitudes on ...» more

Benefits of STEM Education

Helpdesk Report
  • Zenobia Ismail
January 2019

The literature concurs with the general view that science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education is necessary to facilitate economic development, international competitiveness and job creation. However, the literature does not specify the particular benefits of STEM education in developing countries since the consensus is that STEM education is  generally ...» more

A Mapping of Larger Youth Employment Programmes in Developing Countries

Helpdesk Report
  • Zenobia Ismail
December 2018

There is a robust literature on youth employment that spans academic and grey literature. This rapid literature review combines academic and grey literature to identify larger youth employment programmes in developing countries. The review identifies the countries, which have a national youth policy. There is no literature that assesses the sustainability of national youth ...» more

Impact of Education Interventions for Working Children

Helpdesk Report
  • Anna Orrnert
November 2018

Recent global estimates indicate that 152 million children – 64 million girls and 88 million boys – are engaged in child labour across the world (ILO 2017b: 8). According to these same estimates, 71% of child labourers work in the agricultural sector and 69% in unpaid work within their own family. Nearly half of all those in child labour are doing ‘hazardous work’ (ibid). ...» more

Links Between Education and Child Labour

Helpdesk Report
  • Anna Orrnert
November 2018

According to recent estimates, approximately 152 million children were engaged in child labour globally in 2016 (ILO 2017a: 5). There are many forms of children's work, involving different levels of demand and danger. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) defines child labour as work that is detrimental to children, by depriving them of their childhood, their potential ...» more

Maternal, Newborn and Child Health in Emergency Settings

Helpdesk Report
  • Rachel Cooper
July 2018

More than 500 women and girls die in emergency settings every day due to complications arising from pregnancy and childbirth (UNFPA, 2018, p. 3). In 2017, an estimated 535 million children (nearly one in four of the world’s children) lived in countries affected by emergencies (UNICEF, 2017). This report provides examples of organisations working in maternal, newborn and ...» more

Effects of Violence in the Home on Children’s Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing During Conflict

Helpdesk Report
  • Emilie Combaz
May 2018

Being exposed to violence in the home during war increases children’s risk of developing problems in mental health and psychosocial wellbeing (MHPSW), a small but robust evidence base shows. Conversely, this evidence shows that supportive parenting can be a protective factor against the demonstrated negative effects of war on children’s MHPSW. Evidence from multiple sources ...» more

Lessons Learned from Youth Employment Programmes in Developing Countries

Helpdesk Report
  • Zenobia Ismail
March 2018

Youth employment programmes are varied but meta-analysis and systematic reviews of impact assessments of these programmes indicate that some interventions have an overall positive effect on employment and earnings. Assessments of programmes which support youth job creation in the private sector find that larger businesses are more likely to generate jobs than micro-enterprises. ...» more

Lessons Learned from Youth Employment Programmes in Kenya

Helpdesk Report
  • Zenobia Ismail
March 2018

The government of Kenya with the support of multilateral donors, especially the World Bank, has introduced several youth employment initiatives since the 2000s, including a large-scale public works programme. There is a mix of supply-side programmes which provide training to enhance the skills of the youth labour force and demand-side initiatives which facilitate ...» more

Youth initiatives supporting citizen engagement with government

Helpdesk Report
  • Anna Orrnert
March 2018

There is a large volume of literature on youth participation in development, including on the benefits of involving young people in local, national, regional and global governance initiatives. Although not as voluminous, there is also a significant body of work on youth participation in civic life, though much of this focuses on issues of education and employment (Oxfam 2016) ...» more

Youth employment programmes in developing countries

Helpdesk Report
  • Zenobia Ismail
March 2018

Youth employment programmes are varied but meta-analysis and systematic reviews of impact assessments of these programmes indicate that some interventions have an overall positive effect on employment and earnings. Assessments of programmes which support youth job creation in the private sector find that larger businesses are more likely to generate jobs than micro-enterprises. ...» more

Child labour in the artisanal and small-scale mining sector in Asia and Africa

Helpdesk Report
  • Dylan O’Driscoll
October 2017

This rapid review synthesises data from academic, policy, and NGO sources on child labour in the artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector in Asia and Africa. ASM refers to small groups engaged in low-cost, low-tech, labour-intensive excavation and processing of minerals. Therefore, a clear distinction can be made between industrial and large-scale (usually licensed) mining ...» more

Barriers to youth work opportunities

Helpdesk Report
  • Huma Haider
July 2017

There is growing evidence that youth unemployment is becoming a bigger issue and challenge than adult unemployment (Manpower group, 2012). While young labour participants and adult participants can be affected by similar opportunities and barriers to work, youth may experience these barriers to a greater degree and may also face additional constraints. This report ...» more

Psycho-social support for children and school staff in protracted conflict situations

Helpdesk Report
  • Jacqui Mattingly
June 2017

Whilst the provision of psychosocial activities is regularly mentioned in documents referring to the humanitarian response to education, there is a dearth of literature that refers to exactly what these programmes consist of, and how effective they are. There is, however, widespread recognition of the importance of providing psycho-social interventions to counter the impact of ...» more

Interventions on child labour in South Asia

Helpdesk Report
  • Pearl Boateng
May 2017

The three principal international conventions on child labour (Minimum Age to Employment Convention, 1973 (No. 138), Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, together set the legal parameters for child labour and provide the legal foundations for national and international action against it. Whilst ...» more

Mapping of research on child labour in South Asia

Helpdesk Report
  • Dylan O’Driscoll
May 2017

This Help Desk Report aims to map out research on child labour in South Asia, specifically: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, as well as Myanmar (Burma). The report focuses on major projects being carried out by international organisations with an examination of their expenditure on research, as well as local partners.  The report also highlights the research ...» more

Child domestic work

Helpdesk Report
  • Helen West,
  • Pearl Boateng
April 2017

The definition of Child Domestic Work (CDW) is contested. Whilst international law defines children as any person under the age of 18 years old, in some countries, the national minimum age to work can be as low as 14 years old. Furthermore, socio-cultural patterns and national level policies add an additional dimension to how CDW is viewed, measured and reported. Despite these ...» more

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